PATHS OF GLORY: The French Army 1914-18 (Cassell Military Paperbacks)

David Murphy

Clayton begins Paths of Glory with a chapter on the French frontier offensive in 1914 and then backtracks in the second chapter to discuss pre-war strategy and doctrine. After this, Clayton then devotes one chapter to operations in each year of the war, plus a separate chapter on developments within the French army. There is also a separate chapter on peripheral operations involving the French (Gallipoli, Salonika, Italy, Africa and the Mideast). Appendices include order of battle in 1914, tactical organization, conscription and reserves, equipment, capsule biographies of the main French generals, and the career of a single French infantry regiment in 1914-1920. Clayton includes 14 simple sketch maps, which unfortunately only a few depicting operational movements or dispositions. The author also includes 43 photographs, ranging from leaders, to equipment to tactical scenes.

Clayton assesses the main French problem in 1914 as a failure of "strategic intelligence" in not anticipating that the main German army would fall in Belgium or that reserve formations would be used in the enemy's first echelon. This faulty intelligence assessment led to a rash offensive plan known as "Plan XVII", which was handicapped by rigid adherence to a faulty tactical doctrine, over-age commanders and inadequate heavy artillery. Despite all the French military flaws, the French army somehow survived the heavy losses in the frontier battles and managed to thwart the German drive on Paris by quick repositioning of forces. Clayton does not do a particularly good job of assessing how the French were able to avoid defeat in 1914, but tends to favor the "tough" no-nonsense leadership of Joffre, Foch and a handful of other French operational-level commanders. However, Clayton's defense of Joffre's command style rings hollow; certainly Napoleon would not have thought much of a commander who emphasized regular meals and uninterrupted sleep over visiting his troops.

Clayton focuses heavily on morale issues - always critical for French armies - in the chapters on Verdun and the 1917 mutinies. The mutiny is assessed as relatively limited in scope, but extensive in long-term effects. Perhaps the best chapters in Paths of Glory cover the post-mutiny period where Petain was able to lead the battered French army through a period of recovery. While Petain's later career as leader of Vichy France has darkened his name, his leadership abilities with a deeply-shocked army were astoundingly effective. Indeed, Petain was not only able to rebuild the French army's morale, but to re-equip and re-train the forces to fight a modern war; the result was a much more powerful French army in 1918 (although a brittle one).

Although Clayton offers some useful nuggets of information in places - such as information on French tank developments or the greater reliance on African troops - the volume is a bit too much of an overview, albeit with a Gallic perspective. Indeed, Clayton writes well and offers excellent insight about the fighting capabilities of the much-maligned French army, but the reader will come away from this book wishing that it had been 200 pages longer.